NEW LG Mouse Scanner Technology 2013

LG Electronics is the company 's second-largest company of South Korea in the field of electronics devices , as well as being ranked third in the world for the manufacture of electronic devices . In early 2011, the world was shocked by the latest technology , Hologram TV technology . And earlier , there was also news about future technology table . Started in 2013 , LG unveiled a device that is one of the latest technology in 2013 . This device combines the functions of the navigation computer ( mouse ) and scanners ( scanners ) . Tool or device which is the latest device from LG for 2013 is named LG Mouse Scanner . LG by LG Mouse Scanner offers the latest innovations surprises and unique functions in this latest device .

In terms of appearance , it is clear if the LG Mouse Scanner has a shape that is not much different from navigational aids computer ( mouse ) Other . The difference will be seen when we see it in detail because the left side will be seen the addition of two buttons that serve as a key to activate the scan function ( scan ) and the 'Back' button to return to the previous menu . In addition, the most notable difference is seen in the cross section which is the basis of the location of the scanner . LG Mouse Scanner is equipped with an optical lens along with a series of supporting devices that serve to identify the object . Just as scanners ( scanners ) other . With the LG LSM - 100 , buddy scanned can modify the form of a combination of text , tables and images

How to use this tool or device is quite easy . My friend simply press the scan button , and then block all areas of the object to be scanned . After that , you just need to slide the previously scanned into the pages of Microsoft Word or Microsoft Excel , this device will automatically just take the text or tables from previous scan results in a format ready to edit .

LG LSM - 100 can scan or scan the vast field reached the size of A3 . As one of the latest 2012 technology is not only used as a navigation aid , but also as a scanner , the LG Mouse Scanner is equipped with two powerful 1200dpi laser sensor , which serves to identify the coordinates of the object to be scanned . Both laser sensor will not change the results of the scan will occur despite the repetition of the scanning process in the same plane . With two laser sensors of the latest devices from LG this , of course, pal can scan freely without affecting the results of the scan .

Price unique mouse ( Mouse Scanner ) LG LSM - 100 is priced at U.S. $ 129

Water -Yes Water -Can cause you to Look ten Years Younger

Headaches. Poor digestion. Blotchy skin. simply a number of of the not-so-fun symptoms of not drinking enough water.
Sure, we have a tendency to all understand we want to drink additional water. however it's usually straightforward flee with drinking approach but we want. (Guilty, terribly guilty of this.) author married woman Smith challenged herself to drink 3 liters of water -- that is twelve eight ounce glasses of water per day -- for twenty eight days, to search out out what may happen to her health, and her skin if she really followed the water rules.

In addition to discovering, as you may imagine, she had to pee plenty additional usually, there have been a bunch of further advantages adding additional water to her day. The water, says Smith, improved her joint flexibility, her complexion, her breath, and her headaches -- and it upped her ability to concentrate. Plus, she lost 2 pounds, and 0.5 an in. round her waist with no further changes to her diet or exercise routine. that is as a result of, as Smith noted, "I'm uptake less as a result of drink with Pine Tree Stateals makes me feel fuller faster. I accustomed snack, however i used to be reaching for food after I was really thirsty. Studies show thirty seven p.c of individuals mistake thirst for hunger."

The distinction was significantly noticeable around Smith's eyes, that were antecedently ringed in dark circles. Post-water diet, her eyes were clearer, sharper, and positively brighter. "I feel fitter, throw and healthier, and my husband and friends tell Pine Tree State I look 10 years younger," she writes. "Who in their right mind wouldn't wish to do one thing that gets such unimaginable results?"

Li-Fi Turns each incandescent lamp Into AN Ultra-Fast Wireless Network

Current wireless networks have a problem: The a lot of fashionable they become, the slower they're. Researchers at Fudan University in Shanghai have simply become the most recent to demonstrate a technology that transmits knowledge as lightweight rather than radio waves, that gets round the congestion issue and will be ten times quicker than ancient Wi-Fi. In dense urban areas, the vary at intervals that Wi-Fi signals ar transmitted is more and more crowded  with noise — principally, alternative Wi-Fi signals. What’s a lot of, the physics of magnetic attraction waves sets associate higher limit to the information measure of ancient Wi-Fi. The short version: you'll solely transmit most knowledge at a given frequency. The lower the frequency of the wave, the less it will transmit.

10x quicker Connections Than Wi-Fi, Through the closest Lamp

But what if you may transmit knowledge victimisation waves of abundant higher frequencies and with no need a spectrum license from your country’s telecoms regulator? lightweight, like radio, is associate radiation, however it's regarding one hundred,000 times the frequency of a Wi-Fi signal, and no-one wants a license to create a lightweight bulb. All you would like could be a thanks to create its brightness flicker terribly quickly and accurately thus it will carry an indication. the concept sounds daft: World Health Organization would need to take a seat underneath a aflicker bulb? however Li-Fi, a typical planned simply 2 years agone, is seeing fast technological progress.

First, knowledge ar transmitted to associate crystal rectifier lightweight bulb — it may be the one illuminating the space during which you’re sitting currently. Then the electric lamp is flicked on and off terribly quickly, up to billions of times per second. that glint is thus quick that the human eye cannot understand it. (For comparison, the typical energy-saving compact fluorescent bulb already sparkles between ten,000 and 40,000 times per second.) Then a receiver on a laptop or mobile device — essentially, a trifle camera which will see actinic radiation — decodes that aflicker into knowledge. crystal rectifier bulbs is flicked on and off quickly enough to transmit knowledge around ten times as quick because the quickest Wi-Fi networks. (If they might be manipulated quicker, the information measure would be even higher.)

Li-Fi’s Limitations ar just like Next-Generation Wi-Fi

Li-Fi has one huge downside compared with Wi-Fi: you, or rather your device, got to be nearby of the bulb. It wouldn’t essentially got to be a special bulb; in essence, overhead lights at work or reception may be wired to the web. however it'd mean that, not like with Wi-Fi, you couldn’t get into following space unless there have been wired bulbs there too. However, a replacement generation of ultra-fast Wi-Fi devices that we’re probably to start out victimisation before long face an analogous limitation. They use the next vary of radio frequencies, that aren’t as crowded  with alternative signals (at least for now) and have the next information measure, but, like actinic radiation, cannot penetrate walls. Engineers and one or two of startups, like Oledcomm, are experimenting with Li-Fi technology. The Fudan University team disclosed associate experimental Li-Fi network during which four PCs were all connected to constant lightweight bulb. alternative researchers ar acting on sending knowledge via totally different colours of crystal rectifier lights — imagine, for instance, sending totally different signals through every of the the red, inexperienced and blue crystal rectifiers within a multi-colored LED lightweight bulb. thanks to its limitations, Li-Fi won’t do away with alternative wireless networks. however it might supplement them in engorged areas and replace them in places wherever radio signals got to be unbroken to a minimum, like hospitals, or wherever they don’t work, like underwater.

Have one thing to feature to the present story? Share it within the comments.

Endura Mass 500 g Chocolate Review

You must be attentive to the very fact that diet and nutrition area unit most significant benefactors for gaining weight. The food things you intake ought to give you the desired quantity of calories to support and promote weight gain with consistency.A balanced meal and regular intake of Endura Mass can for certain assist you gain weight and keep healthy. Endura Mass is accessible in luscious chocolate flavour to spice up your style buds. This jar contains five hundred g of alimentary powder which will give 3480 extra calories a day. Endura Mass is 100 percent strictly eater and doesn't result in any facet effects. it's a supermolecule supplement that reinforces the formation of nucleus of cells within the body. This successively revitalizes the cells and helps you gain mass while not excess effort. simply consume Endura Mass daily as prescribed and feel visible distinction at intervals some days. it's tried and tested by an oversized range of individuals World Health Organization have experi {"Supplement facts":{"Ingredients":"Amount per serving","Protein":"(15 gms)","Carbohydrates":"(79 gms)","Fats":"(3.5 gms)"}}"Glt":"1.5 g","Leucine":"900 mg","Valine":"450 mg","Isoleucine":"225 mg","Vitamin A":"120 mcg","Vitamin C":"20 mg","Calcium":"75 mg","Iron":"5 mg","Vitamin E":"12 mg","Vitamin B1":"250 mcg","Vitamin B2":"335 mcg","Vitamin B3":"3 mg","Vitamin B6":"500 mcg","Folic Acid":"20 mcg","Vitamin B12":"0.25 mcg","Phosphorous":"30 mg","Niacinamide":"3 mg","Zinc":"1 mg","Selenium":"40 mcg","Chromium":"80 mcg","Chloride":"240 mg","Sodium":"255 mg","Potassium":"240 mg"}}lanine":"0.973","Threonine":"2.462","Tryptophan":"0.68","Histidine":"0.608","EAA":"16.393","Glutamine":"4.9","Aspartic Acid":"3.62","Glycine":"0.047","Alanine":"1.67","Non EAA":"10.237","Digestive Enzymes":"Aminogen & Lactase","Ingredients":"Protein

This carpenter's saw Packs Serious Bite in an exceedingly tiny Frame

When it involves circular saws, amateur woodworkers have to be compelled to subsume a frustrating compromise: Overspend on a husky contractor tool which will cut nearly something, or accept a smaller model which will scarcely cut a timber. The Rockwell Compact sawing machine puts AN finish thereto aggravation. To squeeze a lot of power out of atiny low frame, Rockwell designers did 2 things: initial, they overhauled the geartrain. Typical circular saws have massive parallel gear sets, which might have Saturday too low on the saw and interfered with deep cuts. thus designers accessorial a collection of smaller in-line gears to transfer the motor's three,500 revolutions per minute to the blade. Second, they used dilutant one.2mm blades that generate less resistance once cutting, permitting the tool to run on atiny low five-amp motor—one third the draw of a professional model.

Blade Size: 4.5 inches
Weight: 5 pounds
Price: $99

A Jumping Spider's Crazy, Hairy Legs

The ground-dwelling jumping spider may be a dire beast. It will scale vertical surfaces with ease and spring twenty five times its linear unit to nab prey. Its legs square measure the eight crucial tools accountable for the pounce, however till recently, the organic process origin of a number of their structures was misunderstood. By scrutiny the legs of 330 species, German biologists determined that the sticky feather-like hairs at the top of the leg, referred to as setae, evolved from bushy pads that originally helped the spiders wrangle food. Now, the hairs offer thirty two,000 contact points per leg, sanctioning the arachnids to steer up walls. different appendages additionally facilitate with the hunt: 2 claws for grasping and bristles that notice air currents, tastes, and smells. To jump, the spider directs its hemolymph to the legs. The explosive rush causes them to increase all right away, and therefore the spider goes flying.

News GPS Antenna Filters out Roise to Boost Urban Accuracy 2013

Now VRay, a new type of antenna that eliminates multipath interference, has been developed by the US Air Force Institute of Technology and Locata Corporation of Canberra, Australia. It is based on Locata's previous work with ground-based positioning technology. The problem is multipath interference, the curse of all radio-based location systems. When signals from satellites are reflected off buildings navigation systems get confused.  "Multipath is the dominant source of interference for GPS in cities and indoors," says consultant David Last, former president of the UK's Royal Institute of Navigation. "Nothing else causes as much serious error." For something we rely on so heavily, GPS is pretty rubbish. In the open, it is accurate to within a few metres, but in built-up areas it frequently cannot even locate the correct city block. Now a new type of antenna promises to improve its accuracy in urban areas – even indoors 2013.

VRay is a "beam-forming" antenna that combines the signal from an array of receiving elements to identify and subtract multipath and other interference to extract a clean signal. The antenna scans for millions of virtual beams a second, which helps it differentiate the valid GPS signal from the rest of the clutter, says Locata's CEO Nunzio Gambale.This design means VRay will be much smaller, cheaper and simpler than previous designs. Early VRay prototypes are still bulky, but the plan is to build antennas that are flush with airframes and vehicle roofs, and to create a portable version within a helmet.Previous beam-forming antennae have been large and expensive, with a separate radio receiver for each antenna element. VRay has a single receiver that switches at high speed between dozens of elements."The concept of beam-steering for GPS is well known. However, its use has been mainly confined to the military due to the high cost. Locata's breakthrough is to time-multiplex the receiver," says Last.

News Salvage of Costa Concordia wreck is most expensive ever

Now the ship may finally be on the move again, thanks to the most expensive salvage operation in history. The ambitious plan to right, refloat and tow away the wreckage, before dismantling it, has now reached a crucial stage: the ship is ready to be rotated off its side.But the cruise liner poses an unprecedented challenge to the salvagers – it is teetering on the brink of a steep slope at a precarious angle. The team has already drilled into the underwater slope to construct platforms for the ship to rest on once righted, preventing it from tumbling into the depths. Now, the most difficult stage of the operation is about to commence.

Hooray and up she rises.

The process of heaving the enormous wreckage off its side might begin as soon as Monday, depending on the weather. Righting the ship, a technique called parbuckling, will use computer-controlled jacks to haul it upright – hopefully in one piece. The team will then assess the damage and weld on caissons – a sort of steel floatation belt – to give the ship buoyancy before it departs on its final journey.The Concordia can't be broken up where it lies because of the threat this would pose to the ecosystems in the Tuscan Archipelago National Park, which Giglio is a part of.The salvage team has one chance to shift the mammoth 290-metre-long ship. With the Italian summer fading fast, the salvagers say that the weather is their worst enemy.

Lying on its side in the azure waters of Giglio, Italy, the hulk of the Costa Concordia makes for a lasting reminder of the disaster that stuck the cruise ship in January 2012.

How NSA weakens encryption to access internet traffic

The internet is full of holes. The spy agencies in the US and UK have forced technology suppliers to deliberately weaken security measures in the online computing systems that everyone uses. As a result they may have compromised everybody's security - since the vulnerabilities can be exploited by anybody who discovers them.

The revelations appear in the latest batch of NSA and GCHQ documents leaked by the former NSA contractor Edward Snowden, now an exile in Russia.

The leaks appear to confirm long-held suspicions that the agencies covertly collude with tech firms to introduce "back doors" that bypass built-in computer security measures - like passwords, two-factor authentication and encryption - to get straight to the files they want.

Today's joint reports from The Guardian, The New York Times and website ProPublica might leave you with the impression that the agencies have made a mathematical breakthrough that renders encryption defunct. But the NSA has simply relied on plain old-fashioned spying to influence and infiltrate the internet security firms we trust.

"I'm pretty sure they are reporting well-known possibilities of cheating around cryptography," says Markus Kuhn of the University of Cambridge, placing "back doors" in commonly used software to allow the agencies access to secret messages.

One of the leaked documents reveals that the NSA and GCHQ aim to "insert vulnerabilities into commercial encryption systems, IT systems, networks, and endpoint communications devices used by targets". An "endpoint communications system" simply means a computer, tablet or cellphone.

For example, most encryption algorithms require a random number generator to produce secure keys. "One of the oldest tricks in the book is to modify the random number generator so it outputs only a tiny subset of all the random numbers it normally should," says Kuhn – a bit like subtly weighing a die to roll 6 more often than it should.

This change would mean the software can only produce a much smaller list of secret keys than it should, though the number of keys is still too vast for you to notice the change without looking closely. If you know about the vulnerability, however, you can attempt to crack encrypted messages using only the smaller list of keys. That makes it more feasible to use brute force to crack the encryption – all you need is enough computing power, which of course the NSA and GCHQ have in abundance.

The Snowden files say the NSA spends $250 million a year on covertly influencing the product designs of technology companies, suggesting inserting such vulnerabilities is a high priority for the agency.

It could also be swiping keys directly from online service providers, says Kuhn. The TLS encryption protocol, which puts the "s" in secure https connections, relies on servers storing a secret key to decrypt incoming messages or transactions. The NSA could bribe a system administrator or otherwise infiltrate the organisation to gain access to these keys, allowing it to decrypt any intercepted traffic to the relevant server.

To avoid the NSA's gaze, Kuhn says people should turn to open-source software, where many people evaluate the underlying code and can identify any attempts to weaken it. "There is going to be a lot of pressure on IT decision-makers to justify why they gambled the security of their infrastructure on some close-sourced offering that is very likely infiltrated by NSA programmes."

Security agencies have the job of both intercepting harmful communications and defending nations from outside attack, but criminals or other nation states could also exploit NSA-mandated backdoors in internet systems. "If they have weakened the structure of the internet in the ways that the revelations say, then they have failed in the mission to protect national critical infrastructure," says Nigel Smart of the University of Bristol, UK.

For security technologist Bruce Schneier, who has helped The Guardian understand hundreds of the leaked NSA documents it is covering, it is all a breach too far: he has appealed for engineers on the inside of such tech company security subversion to turn whistleblower and tell their stories. He hopes the information they provide will help the Internet Engineering Task Force, a loose group of researchers and network security experts, "take the internet back" from the surveillance state at its next meeting in November.

Kenny Paterson at Royal Holloway, University of London has previously discovered flaws in the TLS protocol that could allow an attacker access to encrypted data in certain circumstances, but he says these exploits pale in significance if the NSA has direct access to company servers. "You don't know which companies have been required to hand over their secret keys and which haven't."

Many technology firms say they only work with intelligence agencies when legally compelled to – and largely because the right to run telecoms-related services depends on allowing "lawful interception" of their technologies under the terms of the UN's International Telecommunications Union's rules.

But some firms are engineering deep internet surveillance systems, according to a third tranche of product data sheets from the suppliers of wire-tapping and sub-sea cable interception systems, posted on the Wikileaks website.

Free Download Angry Bird for PC

Angry Birds Game Free transfer For computer - these days, Gamescluby need to share a game that developed by Rovio amusement (computer game developer from Finland). 1st unleash of Angry Birds in Gregorian calendar month 2009. In Angry Birds game, player will controls numerous color of birds and also the target square measure to retrieve their eggs that purloined by hungry inexperienced pigs. The pigs secure by stone, ice or wood. Players should destroyed all the pigs on every level. this is often a puzzle game, that creates player should launch a birds mistreatment toy and targeted at pigs stationed. New kinds of birds can unlock if players passed every level of this game. Players will activated every birds special skills. Birds special skills is numerous and completely different than alternative birds skills. as an example, black bird will explodes, blue bird will separate and become three birds, associate degreed white bird has an skills to drop eggs that may be explodes.   In angry birds game, there square measure numerous kinds of birds that incorporates a completely different color. At the start, players simply have Red Bird. If players will through every stage of the sport, alternative birds with special skills become obtainable. Some birds are often accustomed destroy some materials that can’t be destroyed by alternative birds. There square measure many alternative kinds of pigs too, as an example little pigs square measure simply destroyed and for larger pigs, players want several attack for makes its eliminate. Sometimes, some pigs mistreatment helmets for his or her armor, creating tough to destroy this pigs. alternative square measure hair Pigs and King Pig.   Points in Angry Birds computer Game square measure scored for every pig defeated still as destruction of structures or hits injury to the pigs and players can get bonus points for all of unused birds. If all the pigs square measure defeated on time, players will head to next level.

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Medieval and modern history (300 AD —)

Medieval and modern history (300 AD —)

Main articles: Medieval technology, Renaissance technology, Industrial Revolution, Second Industrial Revolution, Productivity improving technologies (historical), and Information Technology

Innovations continued through the Middle Ages with innovations such as silk, the horse collar and horseshoes in the first few hundred years after the fall of the Roman Empire. Medieval technology saw the use of simple machines (such as the lever, the screw, and the pulley) being combined to form more complicated tools, such as the wheelbarrow, windmills and clocks. The Renaissance brought forth many of these innovations, including the printing press (which facilitated the greater communication of knowledge), and technology became increasingly associated with science, beginning a cycle of mutual advancement. The advancements in technology in this era allowed a more steady supply of food, followed by the wider availability of consumer goods.

The automobile revolutionized personal transportation.

Starting in the United Kingdom in the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution was a period of great technological discovery, particularly in the areas of agriculture, manufacturing, mining, metallurgy and transport, driven by the discovery of steam power. Technology later took another step with the harnessing of electricity to create such innovations as the electric motor, light bulb and countless others. Scientific advancement and the discovery of new concepts later allowed for powered flight, and advancements in medicine, chemistry, physics and engineering. The rise in technology has led to the construction of skyscrapers and large cities whose inhabitants rely on automobiles or other powered transit for transportation. Communication was also greatly improved with the invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio and television. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a revolution in transportation with the invention of the steam-powered ship, train, airplane, and automobile.

F-15 and F-16 flying over a burning oil field in Kuwait in 1991.

The 20th century brought a host of innovations. In physics, the discovery of nuclear fission has led to both nuclear weapons and nuclear power. Computers were also invented and later miniaturized utilizing transistors and integrated circuits. The technology behind got called information technology, and these advancements subsequently led to the creation of the Internet, which ushered in the current Information Age. Humans have also been able to explore space with satellites (later used for telecommunication) and in manned missions going all the way to the moon. In medicine, this era brought innovations such as open-heart surgery and later stem cell therapy along with new medications and treatments. Complex manufacturing and construction techniques and organizations are needed to construct and maintain these new technologies, and entire industries have arisen to support and develop succeeding generations of increasingly more complex tools. Modern technology increasingly relies on training and education — their designers, builders, maintainers, and users often require sophisticated general and specific training. Moreover, these technologies have become so complex that entire fields have been created to support them, including engineering, medicine, and computer science, and other fields have been made more complex, such as construction, transportation and architecture.

Energy and transport

Energy and transport

The wheel was invented circa 4000 BC.

Meanwhile, humans were learning to harness other forms of energy. The earliest known use of wind power is the sailboat.^[41] The earliest record of a ship under sail is shown on an Egyptian pot dating back to 3200 BC.^[42] From prehistoric times, Egyptians probably used the power of the Nile annual floods to irrigate their lands, gradually learning to regulate much of it through purposely built irrigation channels and 'catch' basins. Similarly, the early peoples of Mesopotamia, the Sumerians, learned to use the Tigris and Euphrates rivers for much the same purposes. But more extensive use of wind and water (and even human) power required another invention.
According to archaeologists, the wheel was invented around 4000 B.C. probably independently and nearly-simultaneously in Mesopotamia (in present-day Iraq), the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. Estimates on when this may have occurred range from 5500 to 3000 B.C., with most experts putting it closer to 4000 B.C. The oldest artifacts with drawings that depict wheeled carts date from about 3000 B.C.; however, the wheel may have been in use for millennia before these drawings were made. There is also evidence from the same period of time that wheels were used for the production of pottery. (Note that the original potter's wheel was probably not a wheel, but rather an irregularly shaped slab of flat wood with a small hollowed or pierced area near the center and mounted on a peg driven into the earth. It would have been rotated by repeated tugs by the potter or his assistant.) More recently, the oldest-known wooden wheel in the world was found in the Ljubljana marshes of Slovenia.^[43]
The invention of the wheel revolutionized activities as disparate as transportation, war, and the production of pottery (for which it may have been first used). It did not take long to discover that wheeled wagons could be used to carry heavy loads and fast (rotary) potters' wheels enabled early mass production of pottery. But it was the use of the wheel as a transformer of energy (through water wheels, windmills, and even treadmills) that revolutionized the application of nonhuman power sources.

Neolithic through classical antiquity (10,000BC – 300AD)

Neolithic through classical antiquity (10,000BC – 300AD)

An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools.

Man's technological ascent began in earnest in what is known as the Neolithic period ("New stone age"). The invention of polished stone axes was a major advance because it allowed forest clearance on a large scale to create farms. The discovery of agriculture allowed for the feeding of larger populations, and the transition to a sedentist lifestyle increased the number of children that could be simultaneously raised, as young children no longer needed to be carried, as was the case with the nomadic lifestyle. Additionally, children could contribute labor to the raising of crops more readily than they could to the hunter-gatherer lifestyle.^[35][36]
With this increase in population and availability of labor came an increase in labor specialization.^[37] What triggered the progression from early Neolithic villages to the first cities, such as Uruk, and the first civilizations, such as Sumer, is not specifically known; however, the emergence of increasingly hierarchical social structures, the specialization of labor, trade and war amongst adjacent cultures, and the need for collective action to overcome environmental challenges, such as the building of dikes and reservoirs, are all thought to have played a role.^[38]

Fire

Fire

Main article: Control of fire by early humans

The discovery and utilization of fire, a simple energy source with many profound uses, was a turning point in the technological evolution of humankind.^[27] The exact date of its discovery is not known; evidence of burnt animal bones at the Cradle of Humankind suggests that the domestication of fire occurred before 1,000,000 BC;^[28] scholarly consensus indicates that Homo erectus had controlled fire by between 500,000 BC and 400,000 BC.^[29][30] Fire, fueled with wood and charcoal, allowed early humans to cook their food to increase its digestibility, improving its nutrient value and broadening the number of foods that could be eaten.^[31]

Clothing and shelter

Other technological advances made during the Paleolithic era were clothing and shelter; the adoption of both technologies cannot be dated exactly, but they were a key to humanity's progress. As the Paleolithic era progressed, dwellings became more sophisticated and more elaborate; as early as 380,000 BC, humans were constructing temporary wood huts.^[32][33] Clothing, adapted from the fur and hides of hunted animals, helped humanity expand into colder regions; humans began to migrate out of Africa by 200,000 BC and into other continents, such as Eurasia.^[34]

Stone tools

Stone tools

Hand axes from the Acheulian period

Human ancestors have been using stone and other tools since long before the emergence of Homo sapiens approximately 200,000 years ago.^[21] The earliest methods of stone tool making, known as the Oldowan "industry", date back to at least 2.3 million years ago,^[22] with the earliest direct evidence of tool usage found in Ethiopia within the Great Rift Valley, dating back to 2.5 million years ago.^[23] This era of stone tool use is called the Paleolithic, or "Old stone age", and spans all of human history up to the development of agriculture approximately 12,000 years ago.
To make a stone tool, a "core" of hard stone with specific flaking properties (such as flint) was struck with a hammerstone. This flaking produced a sharp edge on the core stone as well as on the flakes, either of which could be used as tools, primarily in the form of choppers or scrapers.^[24] These tools greatly aided the early humans in their hunter-gatherer lifestyle to perform a variety of tasks including butchering carcasses (and breaking bones to get at the marrow); chopping wood; cracking open nuts; skinning an animal for its hide; and even forming other tools out of softer materials such as bone and wood.^[25]
The earliest stone tools were crude, being little more than a fractured rock. In the Acheulian era, beginning approximately 1.65 million years ago, methods of working these stone into specific shapes, such as hand axes emerged. The Middle Paleolithic, approximately 300,000 years ago, saw the introduction of the prepared-core technique, where multiple blades could be rapidly formed from a single core stone.^[24] The Upper Paleolithic, beginning approximately 40,000 years ago, saw the introduction of pressure flaking, where a wood, bone, or antler punch could be used to shape a stone very finely.^[26]

History

History

Main articles: History of technology and Timeline of historic inventions

Paleolithic (2.5 million – 10,000 BC)

A primitive chopper

Further information: Outline of prehistoric technology

The use of tools by early humans was partly a process of discovery and of evolution. Early humans evolved from a species of foraging hominids which were already bipedal,^[18] with a brain mass approximately one third of modern humans.^[19] Tool use remained relatively unchanged for most of early human history. Approximately 50,000 years ago, the use of tools and complex set of behaviors emerged, believed by many archaeologists to be connected to the emergence of fully modern language.^[20]

Science, engineering and technology

Science, engineering and technology

Antoine Lavoisier conducting an experiment related combustion generated by amplified sun light.

The distinction between science, engineering and technology is not always clear. Science is the reasoned investigation or study of phenomena, aimed at discovering enduring principles among elements of the phenomenal world by employing formal techniques such as the scientific method.^[14] Technologies are not usually exclusively products of science, because they have to satisfy requirements such as utility, usability and safety.
Engineering is the goal-oriented process of designing and making tools and systems to exploit natural phenomena for practical human means, often (but not always) using results and techniques from science. The development of technology may draw upon many fields of knowledge, including scientific, engineering, mathematical, linguistic, and historical knowledge, to achieve some practical result.
Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering — although technology as a human activity precedes the two fields. For example, science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors, by using already-existing tools and knowledge. This new-found knowledge may then be used by engineers to create new tools and machines, such as semiconductors, computers, and other forms of advanced technology. In this sense, scientists and engineers may both be considered technologists; the three fields are often considered as one for the purposes of research and reference.^[15]
The exact relations between science and technology in particular have been debated by scientists, historians, and policymakers in the late 20th century, in part because the debate can inform the funding of basic and applied science. In the immediate wake of World War II, for example, in the United States it was widely considered that technology was simply "applied science" and that to fund basic science was to reap technological results in due time. An articulation of this philosophy could be found explicitly in Vannevar Bush's treatise on postwar science policy, Science—The Endless Frontier: "New products, new industries, and more jobs require continuous additions to knowledge of the laws of nature ... This essential new knowledge can be obtained only through basic scientific research." In the late-1960s, however, this view came under direct attack, leading towards initiatives to fund science for specific tasks (initiatives resisted by the scientific community). The issue remains contentious—though most analysts resist the model that technology simply is a result of scientific research.^[16][17]

Defination

The word "technology" can also be used to refer to a collection of techniques. In this context, it is the current state of humanity's knowledge of how to combine resources to produce desired products, to solve problems, fulfill needs, or satisfy wants; it includes technical methods, skills, processes, techniques, tools and raw materials. When combined with another term, such as "medical technology" or "space technology", it refers to the state of the respective field's knowledge and tools. "State-of-the-art technology" refers to the high technology available to humanity in any field.

The invention of integrated circuits and the microprocessor (here, an Intel 4004 chip from 1971) led to the modern computer revolution.

Technology can be viewed as an activity that forms or changes culture.^[12] Additionally, technology is the application of math, science, and the arts for the benefit of life as it is known. A modern example is the rise of communication technology, which has lessened barriers to human interaction and, as a result, has helped spawn new subcultures; the rise of cyberculture has, at its basis, the development of the Internet and the computer.^[13] Not all technology enhances culture in a creative way; technology can also help facilitate political oppression and war via tools such as guns. As a cultural activity, technology predates both science and engineering, each of which formalize some aspects of technological endeavor.

Definition and usage

Definition and usage

The invention of the printing press made it possible for scientists and politicians to communicate their ideas with ease, leading to the Age of Enlightenment; an example of technology as a cultural force.

The use of the term technology has changed significantly over the last 200 years. Before the 20th century, the term was uncommon in English, and usually referred to the description or study of the useful arts.^[2] The term was often connected to technical education, as in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (chartered in 1861).^[3] "Technology" rose to prominence in the 20th century in connection with the Second Industrial Revolution. The meanings of technology changed in the early 20th century when American social scientists, beginning with Thorstein Veblen, translated ideas from the German concept of Technik into "technology." In German and other European languages, a distinction exists between Technik and Technologie that is absent in English, as both terms are usually translated as "technology." By the 1930s, "technology" referred not to the study of the industrial arts, but to the industrial arts themselves.^[4] In 1937, the American sociologist Read Bain wrote that "technology includes all tools, machines, utensils, weapons, instruments, housing, clothing, communicating and transporting devices and the skills by which we produce and use them."^[5] Bain's definition remains common among scholars today, especially social scientists. But equally prominent is the definition of technology as applied science, especially among scientists and engineers, although most social scientists who study technology reject this definition.^[6] More recently, scholars have borrowed from European philosophers of "technique" to extend the meaning of technology to various forms of instrumental reason, as in Foucault's work on technologies of the self ("techniques de soi").
Dictionaries and scholars have offered a variety of definitions. The Merriam-Webster dictionary offers a definition of the term: "the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area" and "a capability given by the practical application of knowledge".^[7] Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 "Real World of Technology" lecture, gave another definition of the concept; it is "practice, the way we do things around here".^[8] The term is often used to imply a specific field of technology, or to refer to high technology or just consumer electronics, rather than technology as a whole.^[9] Bernard Stiegler, in Technics and Time, 1, defines technology in two ways: as "the pursuit of life by means other than life", and as "organized inorganic matter."^[10]
Technology can be most broadly defined as the entities, both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical effort in order to achieve some value. In this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems. It is a far-reaching term that may include simple tools, such as a crowbar or wooden spoon, or more complex machines, such as a space station or particle accelerator. Tools and machines need not be material; virtual technology, such as computer software and business methods, fall under this definition of technology.^[11]

Technology

Technology (from Greek τέχνη, techne, "art, skill, cunning of hand"; and -λογία, -logia^[1]) is the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, and methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, including machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: examples include construction technology, medical technology, and information technology.